Rectitude Holdings Ltd Announces Fiscal Year ended March 31, 2025 Full-Year Financial Results
Rectitude Holdings Ltd (RECT), a Singapore-based safety equipment provider, reported mixed financial results for FY2025 ended March 31. Revenue increased 5.91% to S$43.80 million, while net income declined to S$2.24 million (S$0.16 per share) from S$3.36 million (S$0.27 per share) in FY2024.
The company's gross profit margin decreased to 33.65% from 35.57%, impacted by product mix changes and freight costs. EBITDA declined to S$4.56 million from S$5.88 million. Notable investments include the launch of the All-in-one Intelligent Micro-grid System (AIMS) battery storage system and expansion of retail branches, though these initiatives increased operating expenses.
Rectitude Holdings Ltd (RECT), fornitore di dispositivi di sicurezza con sede a Singapore, ha riportato risultati finanziari contrastanti per l'anno fiscale 2025 terminato il 31 marzo. I ricavi sono aumentati del 5,91% raggiungendo i 43,80 milioni di S$, mentre l'utile netto è diminuito a 2,24 milioni di S$ (0,16 S$ per azione) rispetto ai 3,36 milioni di S$ (0,27 S$ per azione) dell'anno fiscale 2024.
Il margine lordo dell'azienda è sceso al 33,65% dal 35,57%, influenzato da variazioni nel mix di prodotti e dai costi di trasporto. L'EBITDA è calato a 4,56 milioni di S$ rispetto a 5,88 milioni. Tra gli investimenti significativi figurano il lancio del sistema di accumulo batteria All-in-one Intelligent Micro-grid System (AIMS) e l'espansione delle filiali retail, sebbene queste iniziative abbiano comportato un aumento delle spese operative.
Rectitude Holdings Ltd (RECT), proveedor de equipos de seguridad con sede en Singapur, reportó resultados financieros mixtos para el año fiscal 2025 finalizado el 31 de marzo. Los ingresos aumentaron un 5,91% hasta S$43,80 millones, mientras que el ingreso neto disminuyó a S$2,24 millones (S$0,16 por acción) desde S$3,36 millones (S$0,27 por acción) en el año fiscal 2024.
El margen bruto de la empresa se redujo a 33,65% desde 35,57%, afectado por cambios en la mezcla de productos y costos de transporte. El EBITDA descendió a S$4,56 millones desde S$5,88 millones. Entre las inversiones destacadas se incluyen el lanzamiento del sistema de almacenamiento de baterías All-in-one Intelligent Micro-grid System (AIMS) y la expansión de sucursales minoristas, aunque estas iniciativas incrementaron los gastos operativos.
Rectitude Holdings Ltd (RECT), 싱가포르� 본사� � 안전 장비 제공업체� 2025 회계연도(3� 31� 종료) 실적에서 혼재� 결과� 보고했습니다. 매출은 5.91% 증가하여 4,380� 싱가포르 달러� 기록했으�, 순이익은 2024 회계연도� 336� 싱가포르 달러(주당 0.27 싱가포르 달러)에서 224� 싱가포르 달러(주당 0.16 싱가포르 달러)� 감소했습니다.
제품 구성 변화와 운송 비용 영향으로 회사� 총이익률은 35.57%에서 33.65%� 하락했습니다. EBITDA� 588� 싱가포르 달러에서 456� 싱가포르 달러� 줄었습니�. 주요 투자로는 올인� 지능형 마이크로그리� 시스�(AIMS) 배터� 저� 시스� 출시와 소매 지� 확장� 포함되었으며, 이로 인해 운영비용� 증가했습니다.
Rectitude Holdings Ltd (RECT), fournisseur d'équipements de sécurité basé à Singapour, a présenté des résultats financiers mitigés pour l'exercice 2025 clos le 31 mars. Le chiffre d'affaires a augmenté de 5,91 % pour atteindre 43,80 millions de S$, tandis que le bénéfice net a diminué à 2,24 millions de S$ (0,16 S$ par action) contre 3,36 millions de S$ (0,27 S$ par action) en 2024.
La marge brute de la société est passée de 35,57 % à 33,65 %, impactée par des changements dans la composition des produits et les coûts de transport. L'EBITDA a chuté à 4,56 millions de S$ contre 5,88 millions. Parmi les investissements notables figurent le lancement du système de stockage de batteries All-in-one Intelligent Micro-grid System (AIMS) et l'expansion des points de vente, bien que ces initiatives aient entraîné une augmentation des charges d'exploitation.
Rectitude Holdings Ltd (RECT), ein in Singapur ansässiger Anbieter von Sicherheitsausrüstung, meldete gemischte Finanzergebnisse für das am 31. März endende Geschäftsjahr 2025. Der Umsatz stieg um 5,91 % auf 43,80 Mio. S$, während der Nettogewinn von 3,36 Mio. S$ (0,27 S$ je Aktie) im Geschäftsjahr 2024 auf 2,24 Mio. S$ (0,16 S$ je Aktie) ܰü첵Բ.
Die Bruttogewinnmarge des Unternehmens sank von 35,57 % auf 33,65 %, was durch Veränderungen im Produktmix und Frachtkosten beeinflusst wurde. Das EBITDA ging von 5,88 Mio. S$ auf 4,56 Mio. S$ zurück. Bedeutende Investitionen umfassen die Einführung des All-in-one Intelligent Micro-grid System (AIMS) Batteriespeichersystems und die Erweiterung der Einzelhandelsfilialen, wobei diese Initiativen die Betriebskosten erhöhten.
- Revenue growth of 5.91% year-over-year to S$43.80 million
- Successful launch of new AIMS battery storage system for clean energy solutions
- Expansion of retail branch network to enhance distribution and customer service
- Strong financial position supporting business expansion and acquisition opportunities
- Net income declined 33.3% to S$2.24 million from S$3.36 million
- Gross profit margin decreased 192 basis points to 33.65%
- EBITDA decreased 22.4% to S$4.56 million from S$5.88 million
- Significant increases in selling, marketing, and R&D expenses impacting profitability
Insights
Rectitude shows revenue growth of 5.91% but declining profitability with net income down 33% year-over-year due to higher expenses.
Rectitude Holdings reported mixed financial results for FY2025, with revenue growth of 5.91% in Singapore dollars (to
The earnings decline stems from several factors: First, the company experienced an unfavorable product mix shift and higher freight costs, pressuring gross margins. Second, there were substantial increases in operating expenses: selling and marketing expenses jumped
The company's diluted EPS fell from
The launch of their All-in-one Intelligent Micro-grid System (AIMS) battery storage product represents a strategic expansion into clean energy solutions for remote job sites. Management has signaled continued investment in innovation and retail branch expansion in the coming year, suggesting that pressure on margins and earnings may persist in the near term as they pursue longer-term growth opportunities in Southeast Asian markets.
SINGAPORE, July 31, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Rectitude Holdings Ltd (the “Company� or “Rectitude�), a Singapore-based provider of safety equipment and related industrial-grade hardware products, today announced its financial results for the full year ended March 31, 2025.
Fiscal Year ended March 31, 2025 Full Year Highlights (amounts in US$ unless otherwise noted):
- Revenues for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025, in Singapore Dollars, increased
5.91% . - Gross profit margin decreased to
33.65% of revenues, down 192 basis points. - Selling and marketing expenses in Singapore Dollars, increased S
$1.38 million . - Research and development expenses in Singapore Dollars increased S
$0.08 million . - General and administrative expenses in Singapore Dollars, increased S
$0.51 million . - Net income was
$1.66 million , or$0.12 per diluted share, for the fiscal ended March 31, 2025. In Singapore Dollars, net income was S$2.24 million , or S$0.16 per diluted share, for the fiscal ended March 31, 2025, compared to net income of S$3.36 million , or S$0.27 per diluted share, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024. - EBITDA for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025, was
$3.39 million . In Singapore Dollars, EBITDA decreased to S$4.56 , from S$5.88 million in the prior year period.
“Fiscal 2025 was a challenging year from an earnings perspective, but our focus on growing Rectitude’s business for the long term will provide enhanced prospects for returns on the investments we made this year in new product launches in potable power as well as new branches to enhance distribution and customer service,� said Mr. Jian Zhang, Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, and Executive Director at Rectitude. “Our new All-in-one Intelligent Micro-grid System (AIMS) battery storage system provides an innovative, clean energy solution for a variety of locations presenting a solution for consistent energy in remote job sites while also benefiting the environment with lower emissions. We will continue to invest in innovative solutions that provide enhanced solutions to our customers and drive enhanced value to our shareholders.�
Revenues
For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025, total revenues were
Cost of Revenues
For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025, cost of revenues was
Gross profit
Gross profit for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025 was
Selling and marketing expenses
Selling and marketing expenses primarily included expenses related to advertising and marketing activities and costs associated with our retail branches, which included labor costs, sales commissions and operating lease expenses. For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025, selling and marketing expenses were
Research and development expenses
Research and development expenses primarily consisted of compensation cost to engineering, design and product development employees and software expenses. For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025, research and development expenses were approximately,
General and administrative expenses
General and administrative expenses consisted primarily of motor vehicle running expenses, transportation, property maintenance and property tax, allowance for expected credit losses and general administrative expenses such as staff costs, depreciation, legal and professional fees and other miscellaneous administrative expenses. For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025, general and administrative expenses were
Net Income
As a result of the factors described above, net income for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025 was approximately
Earnings per Share - Basic and Diluted
Earnings per basic and diluted share for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025 was
The Company also views earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, (EBITDA) as an important measure of the results of operations. For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025, EBITDA was
Outlook
Contemplating the Company’s Outlook for Fiscal Year 2026, Mr. Zhang commented, “We look forward to another exceptional year of growth and strong operating performance for Rectitude. In the last 12 months, we have delivered on our clearly articulated strategy, extending beyond our core business to capture value across the safety equipment supply chain. We have successfully launched our AIMS system to support our customers� power needs in remote construction sites, which allow them to transition to a low-carbon and environmentally sustainable methods.�
“We have the financial strength to provide a central business platform for first-generation owners of traditional businesses, who may be retiring without succession plans, to collaborate and use our business networks, resources and proprietary brands to expand their own businesses. This renders these business partners competitive in the evolving market landscape, while bringing synergy and more growth for Rectitude within our Southeast Asian markets.�
“Most importantly, we maintain our focus on the core principles that have guided our Company for more than 26 years as we drive our performance to new heights,� Mr. Zhang concluded.
About Rectitude Holdings Ltd
Founded in 1997 in Singapore, Rectitude is principally involved in the provision of safety equipment, encompassing essential items such as personal protective clothing, gloves, safety footwear, personal fall arrest systems, portable fire extinguishers and traffic products. The Company also offers auxiliary products such as industrial hardware tools and electrical hardware required for construction sites. Rectitude’s products and solutions are marketed to a wide array of distributor networks and end markets, both in Singapore and increasingly throughout the Southeast Asian region, including Brunei, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Vietnam.
For more information, please visit the Company’s website:
Forward-Looking Statements
Certain statements in this announcement are forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, the Company's proposed Offering. These forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties and are based on the Company’s current expectations and projections about future events that the Company believes may affect its financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs, including the expectation that the Offering will be successfully completed. Investors can identify these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “approximates,� “believes,� “hopes,� “expects,� “anticipates,� “estimates,� “projects,� “intends,� “plans,� “will,� “would,� “should,� “could,� “may� or other similar expressions. The Company undertakes no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent occurring events or circumstances, or changes in its expectations, except as may be required by law. Although the Company believes that the expectations expressed in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, it cannot assure you that such expectations will turn out to be correct, and the Company cautions investors that actual results may differ materially from the anticipated results and encourages investors to review other factors that may affect its future results in the Company's registration statement and other filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
For investor and media inquiries, please contact:
Rectitude
Investor Relations
Email:
Jackson Lin
Lambert Global
Phone: +1 (646) 717-4593
Email:
RECTITUDE HOLDINGS LTD CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS | ||||||||||||
As of March31, | ||||||||||||
2024 | 2025 | 2025 | ||||||||||
S$ | S$ | US$ | ||||||||||
Assets | ||||||||||||
Current assets | ||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 3,468,594 | 6,646,788 | 4,943,688 | |||||||||
Accounts receivable, net | 11,508,064 | 11,547,018 | 8,588,336 | |||||||||
Inventories, net | 6,249,895 | 7,578,048 | 5,636,332 | |||||||||
Other receivables | 497,309 | 1,445,462 | 1,075,093 | |||||||||
Advances to related parties | 358,019 | 236,811 | 176,133 | |||||||||
Deferred initial public offering (“IPO�) costs | 1,560,933 | � | � | |||||||||
Total current assets | 23,642,814 | 27,454,127 | 20,419,582 | |||||||||
Non-current assets | ||||||||||||
Financial instrument | 231,293 | 236,771 | 176,103 | |||||||||
Loan receivables | � | 5,180,380 | 3,853,016 | |||||||||
Property, plant and equipment, net | 5,811,883 | 6,399,557 | 4,759,804 | |||||||||
Right-of-use assets–operating leases | 4,522,524 | 4,420,627 | 3,287,934 | |||||||||
Total non-current assets | 10,565,700 | 16,237,335 | 12,076,857 | |||||||||
Total assets | 34,208,514 | 43,691,462 | 32,496,439 | |||||||||
Liabilities and DZ� equity | ||||||||||||
Current liabilities | ||||||||||||
Bank loans, current portion | 598,848 | 400,016 | 297,520 | |||||||||
Finance lease liabilities, current portion | 168,192 | 199,320 | 148,248 | |||||||||
Accounts payable | 6,441,094 | 7,571,503 | 5,631,464 | |||||||||
Operating lease liabilities, current portion | 1,240,129 | 1,298,058 | 965,458 | |||||||||
Other payables | 3,058,781 | 2,208,350 | 1,642,507 | |||||||||
Provision for income taxes | 1,177,119 | 454,005 | 337,676 | |||||||||
Total current liabilities | 12,684,163 | 12,131,252 | 9,022,873 | |||||||||
Non-current liabilities: | ||||||||||||
Bank loans, non-current portion | 3,070,967 | 2,834,183 | 2,107,983 | |||||||||
Finance lease liabilities, non-current portion | 379,481 | 593,510 | 441,435 | |||||||||
Operating lease liabilities, non-current portion | 3,487,144 | 3,363,357 | 2,501,567 | |||||||||
Deferred tax liabilities | 1,446 | 1,446 | 1,075 | |||||||||
Total non-current liabilities | 6,939,038 | 6,792,496 | 5,052,060 | |||||||||
Total liabilities | 19,623,201 | 18,923,748 | 14,074,933 | |||||||||
Commitments and contingencies | � | � | � | |||||||||
Shareholders� equity | ||||||||||||
Ordinary shares, US | 1,707 | 1,978 | 1,471 | |||||||||
Additional paid-in capital | 3,377,293 | 11,382,600 | 8,466,047 | |||||||||
Retained earnings | 11,206,313 | 13,444,178 | 9,999,389 | |||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive losses | � | (61,042 | ) | (45,401 | ) | |||||||
Total DZ� equity | 14,585,313 | 24,767,714 | 18,421,506 | |||||||||
Total liabilities and DZ� equity | 34,208,514 | 43,691,462 | 32,496,439 | |||||||||
RECTITUDE HOLDINGS LTD CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME | ||||||||||||||||
For theYears ended March31, | ||||||||||||||||
2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 | |||||||||||||
S$ | S$ | S$ | US$ | |||||||||||||
Revenue | 37,643,696 | 41,353,555 | 43,796,144 | 32,574,298 | ||||||||||||
Cost of revenue | (25,503,026 | ) | (26,645,034 | ) | (29,057,985 | ) | (21,612,484 | ) | ||||||||
Gross profit | 12,140,670 | 14,708,521 | 14,738,159 | 10,961,814 | ||||||||||||
Operating expenses | ||||||||||||||||
Selling and marketing expenses | (2,104,824 | ) | (3,423,531 | ) | (4,798,465 | ) | (3,568,959 | ) | ||||||||
Research and development expenses | (83,684 | ) | (76,386 | ) | (156,947 | ) | (116,733 | ) | ||||||||
General and administrative expenses | (5,169,398 | ) | (7,044,966 | ) | (7,545,515 | ) | (5,612,135 | ) | ||||||||
Total operating expenses | (7,357,906 | ) | (10,544,883 | ) | (12,500,927 | ) | (9,297,827 | ) | ||||||||
Income from operations | 4,782,764 | 4,163,638 | 2,237,232 | 1,663,987 | ||||||||||||
Other income/(expense) | ||||||||||||||||
Other income, net | 156,878 | 198,440 | 421,223 | 313,293 | ||||||||||||
Interest expense | (142,496 | ) | (214,462 | ) | (200,638 | ) | (149,229 | ) | ||||||||
Total other income/(expense), net | 14,382 | (16,022 | ) | 220,585 | 164,064 | |||||||||||
Income before income tax | 4,797,146 | 4,147,616 | 2,457,817 | 1,828,051 | ||||||||||||
Income tax expense | (870,325 | ) | (792,207 | ) | (219,952 | ) | (163,594 | ) | ||||||||
Net income | 3,926,821 | 3,355,409 | 2,237,865 | 1,664,457 | ||||||||||||
Other comprehensive loss | ||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustments | � | � | (61,042 | ) | (45,401 | ) | ||||||||||
Comprehensive income | 3,926,821 | 3,355,409 | 2,176,823 | 1,619,056 | ||||||||||||
Weighted average number of ordinary shares | ||||||||||||||||
Basic and diluted* | 12,500,000 | 12,500,000 | 14,056,164 | 14,056,164 | ||||||||||||
Earnings per share | ||||||||||||||||
Basic and diluted | 0.31 | 0.27 | 0.16 | 0.12 | ||||||||||||
RECTITUDE HOLDINGS LTD CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS� EQUITY | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ordinary shares | Additional | Accumulated other | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||
Number of | paid-in | Retained | comprehensive | DZ� | ||||||||||||||||||||
shares | Amount | capital | earnings | income | equity | |||||||||||||||||||
S$ | S$ | S$ | S$ | S$ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Balance as at April 1, 2022* | 12,500,000 | 1,707 | 3,377,293 | 6,074,083 | � | 9,453,083 | ||||||||||||||||||
Net income | � | � | � | 3,926,821 | � | 3,926,821 | ||||||||||||||||||
Dividends distribution | � | � | � | (2,150,000 | ) | � | (2,150,000 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Balance as at March 31, 2023 | 12,500,000 | 1,707 | 3,377,293 | 7,850,904 | � | 11,229,904 | ||||||||||||||||||
Net income | � | � | � | 3,355,409 | � | 3,355,409 | ||||||||||||||||||
Balance as at March31, 2024 | 12,500,000 | 1,707 | 3,377,293 | 11,206,313 | � | 14,585,313 | ||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of ordinary shares | 2,000,000 | 271 | 8,005,307 | � | � | 8,005,578 | ||||||||||||||||||
Net income | � | � | � | 2,237,865 | � | 2,237,865 | ||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustments | � | � | � | � | (61,042 | ) | (61,042 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Balance as at March31, 2025 | 14,500,000 | 1,978 | 11,382,600 | 13,444,178 | (61,042 | ) | 24,767,714 | |||||||||||||||||
Balance as at March31, 2025 (US$) | 1,471 | 8,466,047 | 9,999,389 | (45,401 | ) | 18,421,506 | ||||||||||||||||||
RECTITUDE HOLDINGS LTD CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS | ||||||||||||||||
Years ended March31, | ||||||||||||||||
2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2025 | |||||||||||||
S$ | S$ | S$ | US$ | |||||||||||||
Cash flows from operating activities | ||||||||||||||||
Net income | 3,926,821 | 3,355,409 | 2,237,865 | 1,664,457 | ||||||||||||
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities | ||||||||||||||||
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment | 540,105 | 536,013 | 609,711 | 453,485 | ||||||||||||
Amortization of right-of-use assets | 667,660 | 986,420 | 1,291,797 | 960,801 | ||||||||||||
Operating lease modifications | (53,991 | ) | (7,025 | ) | (30,798 | ) | (22,907 | ) | ||||||||
Property, plant and equipment write-off | 3,534 | � | � | � | ||||||||||||
Bad debts write-off | 2,563 | � | � | � | ||||||||||||
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment | (386 | ) | (5,000 | ) | (957 | ) | (712 | ) | ||||||||
Allowance for inventories write-down | 256,919 | 56,415 | � | � | ||||||||||||
Provision for allowance for expected credit losses–third parties | 214,169 | 68,436 | 358,426 | 266,587 | ||||||||||||
Fair value change in financial instrument | (1,542 | ) | (9,502 | ) | (5,478 | ) | (4,074 | ) | ||||||||
Changes in operating assets and liabilities | ||||||||||||||||
Accounts receivable, net | (1,745,800 | ) | (899,646 | ) | (397,380 | ) | (295,560 | ) | ||||||||
Other receivables | (53,357 | ) | 35,705 | (948,153 | ) | (705,209 | ) | |||||||||
Advances to related parties | 32,290 | � | 121,208 | 90,151 | ||||||||||||
Inventories | (418,177 | ) | (524,506 | ) | (1,328,153 | ) | (987,842 | ) | ||||||||
Accounts payable | 594,653 | (229,789 | ) | 1,130,409 | 840,765 | |||||||||||
Other payables | (234,690 | ) | 1,602,687 | (850,431 | ) | (632,524 | ) | |||||||||
Finance lease liabilities–interest portion of lease payment | (41,225 | ) | (80,461 | ) | (39,858 | ) | (29,645 | ) | ||||||||
Operating lease liabilities | (636,239 | ) | (816,855 | ) | (1,224,960 | ) | (911,090 | ) | ||||||||
Income tax payable | 553,929 | 131,736 | (723,114 | ) | (537,829 | ) | ||||||||||
Net cash provided by operating activities | 3,607,236 | 4,200,037 | 200,134 | 148,854 | ||||||||||||
Cash flows from investing activities: | ||||||||||||||||
Purchases of property, plant and equipment | (13,551 | ) | (235,355 | ) | (615,809 | ) | (458,021 | ) | ||||||||
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment | 386 | 5,000 | 1,000 | 744 | ||||||||||||
Disbursement of loan to third parties | � | � | (7,680,380 | ) | (5,712,443 | ) | ||||||||||
Repayment of loan from third parties | � | � | 2,500,000 | 1,859,427 | ||||||||||||
Net cash used in investing activities | (13,165 | ) | (230,355 | ) | (5,795,189 | ) | (4,310,293 | ) | ||||||||
Cash flows from financing activities: | ||||||||||||||||
Proceeds from common shares issued for cash | � | � | 9,505,469 | 7,069,892 | ||||||||||||
Advances from / (Repayment to) shareholders, net | 161,127 | (186,950 | ) | � | � | |||||||||||
Dividends paid | (1,150,000 | ) | (2,000,000 | ) | � | � | ||||||||||
Deferred IPO expenses | � | (543,076 | ) | � | � | |||||||||||
Repayments of bank loans | (1,140,400 | ) | (126,628 | ) | (566,835 | ) | (421,595 | ) | ||||||||
Payments for finance lease liabilities–principal portion | (173,950 | ) | (76,991 | ) | (165,385 | ) | (123,009 | ) | ||||||||
Net cash (used in)/ provided by financing activities | (2,303,223 | ) | (2,933,645 | ) | 8,773,249 | 6,525,288 | ||||||||||
Net changes in cash and cash equivalents | 1,290,848 | 1,036,037 | 3,178,194 | 2,363,849 | ||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year | 1,141,709 | 2,432,557 | 3,468,594 | 2,579,839 | ||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year | 2,432,557 | 3,468,594 | 6,646,788 | 4,943,688 | ||||||||||||
Supplement disclosures of cash flow information | ||||||||||||||||
Income taxes paid | (316,396 | ) | (660,471 | ) | (943,066 | ) | (701,425 | ) | ||||||||
Interest paid | (142,496 | ) | (214,462 | ) | (200,638 | ) | (149,229 | ) | ||||||||
